MassVoter.com← All legislatorsAt a glance
$38,754cash on hand as of Sep 30, 2026
$261,886raised in 2025–26
$350,470spent in 2025–26
Account: Lawn, John (OCPF ID 15297). See the full reports at OCPF
Year by year
| Year | Raised | Spent | Cash at the end |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | $153,375 | $207,142 | $38,754 so far |
| 2025 | $108,511 | $143,328 | $86,644 |
| 2024 | $103,218 | $128,032 | $100,850 |
| 2023 | $140,173 | $78,258 | $125,026 |
| 2022 | $69,345 | $61,034 | $62,802 |
| 2021 | $71,426 | $42,359 | $54,491 |
| 2020 | $74,854 | $69,407 | $23,334 |
Where the money comes from, 2025–26
Out of $246,575 in contributions and candidate loans listed line by line. Not included: $26,488 in other receipts, such as money moved between the campaign’s own bank accounts, interest and returned payments.
Gifts from individuals: where donors live
Split between districts: Newton, Waltham, Watertown. All gifts from these towns count as “in district towns”.
Top organizations giving, 2025–26
- 1199 SEIU MA PAC PAC$1,000
- Boston Carmen's Union PAC PAC$1,000
- Boston Police Patrolmens Assoc. Pol Action Comm. PAC$1,000
- Cross and Shield Political Action Committee PAC$1,000
- MA & Northern NE Laborers' District Council Pol Action Comm PAC$1,000
- MA Nurse Anesthetists Pol Action Comm. PAC$1,000
- Massachusetts Health and Hospital Association Political Action Committee (MHAPAC) PAC$1,000
- Massachusetts Nurses PAC PAC$1,000
- Gore Place Society Union or association$1,000
- Massachusetts Family Medicine Political Action Committee PAC$750
- MA Assoc. of Realtors Pol Action Comm. - MA RPAC PAC$600
- Anesthesiologists Pol Action Comm. (APAC) PAC$500
- Elevator Constructors Local 4 People's Cttee PAC$500
- MA Association of Public Insurance Adjusters, Inc. PAC PAC$500
- Massachusetts Dental Society Political Action Committee PAC$500
Top 15 of 43 organizations. Includes in-kind gifts.
Donors’ employers, 2025–26
Gifts from individuals added up by the employer they listed. No names. Retired, self-employed and not employed are left out.
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston 17 gifts$5,600
- Anthropic 6 gifts$4,929
- Point32Health 17 gifts$4,800
- MassBio 11 gifts$4,600
- Genentech 13 gifts$4,300
- Coastal Medical Transportation Systems 4 gifts$4,000
- Shields Health Care Group 4 gifts$4,000
- Nixon Peabody LLP 22 gifts$3,900
- Herman Law 3 gifts$3,000
- Smith, Costello & Crawford 14 gifts$2,625
Individual donors giving $200 or more, 2025–26
526 people gave this campaign $200 or more in total. Name and town only, as the campaign reported them.
- Mark Contardo Dennis$2,000
- Donna Coppinger Boston$2,000
- Robert Coughlin Dedham$2,000
- Michael Dandorf Carlisle$2,000
- Stephen O'Connell Haverhill$2,000
- Alexandre Theoharidis Barnstable$2,000
- Kathleen M. Stefanini Framingham$1,500
- Robert Airasian Watertown$1,250
- Frederick Bittenbender Wayne, PA$1,000
- Earnie Boch Norwood$1,000
- Ben Bradford North Reading$1,000
- Melody Callahan Boston$1,000
- Chris Carney Hanover$1,000
- Jason Cordeiro Cambridge$1,000
- John Donohue Belmont$1,000
- Mary Griffin New York, NY$1,000
- Laura Hamilton Boston$1,000
- Douglas Kangos Hingham$1,000
- Amy Kenyon Beverly$1,000
- Danielle Lauzon Wellesley$1,000
Show 480 more
- Michelle LeBretton Hingham$1,000
- Ellen Macinnes Boston$1,000
- William McQuillan Boston$1,000
- Joseph Murphy Boston$1,000
- Siobhan Quinn Windham, NH$1,000
- Joy Russell Hersey, PA$1,000
- Tom Sheilds Norwell$1,000
- Colleen Mary Shields Boston$1,000
- Thomas Shields Quincy$1,000
- Thomas A. Shields Norwell$1,000
- William Shields Scituate$1,000
- John Zirpolo Boston$1,000
- Phil Bak Lakewood, NJ$1,000
- Michael Bellotti Quincy$1,000
- Steven Bills San Francisco, CA$1,000
- Andrew Callahan Oakland, CA$1,000
- Gerald Curtin Boston$1,000
- Ari Erlichman Lawrence, NY$1,000
- Mitchell Garabedian Boston$1,000
- Rishi Gupta San Fransisco, CA$1,000
- Eva Herman Boca Raton, FL$1,000
- Jeffrey Herman Boca Raton, FL$1,000
- Zeynep Herman Boca Raton, FL$1,000
- Charles Jacobs Buffalo, NY$1,000
- Catherine Jones Princeton$1,000
- Sue Ellen Joyce Boston$1,000
- Stacey Karpinski Boca Raton, FL$1,000
- Dennis Maguire Newton$1,000
- Conor McKeever Waltham$1,000
- Joseph McLaughlin Waltham$1,000
- John Mellace Peabody$1,000
- Kevin Morris Quincy$1,000
- Mathew Muratore Plymouth$1,000
- James Jr. Murphy Weymouth$1,000
- Robert Parisi-trone Potomac, MD$1,000
- Steven Raso Lynnfield$1,000
- Daniel Salmon Fort Myers, FL$1,000
- Lawrence Santilli West Hartford, CT$1,000
- James Stone Boston$1,000
- Abbe Smith Swampscott$850
- Donna Finneran Boston$800
- William J Graham Medfield$800
- William Graham Medfield$800
- Jason Gilbert Newton$750
- Claire Cronin Boston$750
- John Koehn Brookline$750
- Steven Biscoglio Southington, CT$700
- Patrick Cahill Newton$700
- William Clark Dover$700
- Kathleen Huntington Milton$700
- Jane McGowan Winthrop$700
- Miriam Sullivan Arlington$700
- Kate Costello Boston$700
- Christopher Dunn Salem$650
- Raphael Lee Oakland, CA$643
- Tao Lin Miami, FL$643
- Ross Nordby Chicago, IL$643
- William F. Cass Hanover$600
- Thomas Joyce Boston$600
- Shannon Moore Watertown$600
- Katherine Murphy Framingham$600
- Christine Panagiotakos Lowell$600
- Daniel Currie Stoughton$550
- Virginia Joyce Boston$520
- Grayson Armstrong Boston$500
- Paul Brady Medfield$500
- Lauren Celano Boston$500
- Jing Chen Boston$500
- Linda Corrigan Belmont$500
- Kenneth Dai Marion$500
- Joseph Dion Marshfield$500
- Gail Eagan Boston$500
- Jeffrey Elton Concord$500
- Gary Gillheeney Johnston, RI$500
- Mary Havlicek Westborough$500
- Jeff Heier Boston$500
- Tom Hsu Newton$500
- James Julian Needham$500
- John Koehn Mountainside, NJ$500
- Matt Koons Walpole$500
- Richard Liw Hingham$500
- John Madondo Holliston$500
- Rita McAteer Salem$500
- David McDermott Boston$500
- Robert McLaughlin Braintree$500
- Jessica Moon Norwell$500
- Paul Mortensen Woodbridge, CT$500
- Josh Ney Hanover$500
- Maureen Pace Cohasset$500
- Zachary Redmond Duxbury$500
- Ramy Rizkalla Boston$500
- Mark Rowe Marblehead$500
- John Spinello Washington, NJ$500
- Matthew Sulkala McLean, VA$500
- Timothy Archer Avon, CT$500
- Healthcare Azure Natick$500
- Ernest Boch Norwood$500
- Sergey Bologov Marblehead$500
- Margaret Burke Newton$500
- Karen Cass Hanover$500
- Michael Clifford Watertown$500
- Joseph Devlin Newburyport$500
- John DiGiovanni Cambridge$500
- Jeff Fedorchak Fairfax, VA$500
- Tim Flaherty Cambridge$500
- James Hazard Falmouth, ME$500
- Matthew Koons Walpole$500
- Timothy Maines Newton$500
- Danielle Marzilli Newton$500
- David Meeker Lincoln$500
- Roberta Miller Watertown$500
- David Modica Swampscott$500
- Pam Randhawa Newton$500
- Katherine Robb West Hartford, CT$500
- David Tempesta Framingham$500
- Jeff Weiss Andover$500
- Paul Wingle Boston$450
- Tom Golden Lowell$450
- Steve Baddour Methuen$400
- John Bartley Watertown$400
- Carlo Basile Boston$400
- Kathleen Bell Quincy$400
- Patrick Bench Boston$400
- Caitlin Beresin Boston$400
- Jay Bernasconi Quincy$400
- Stephen A. Boksanski Winchester$400
- Thomas Bonarrigo Braintree$400
- Joe Boncore Winthrop$400
- Kevin Bourque Smithfield, RI$400
- Maryanne Bray Hanson$400
- John P. Burke Dedham$400
- Stephen Burm Hingham$400
- Ashley Calabrese West Hartford, CT$400
- Beth Card Boston$400
- Thomas Carney Easton$400
- Pat Cerundolo Boston$400
- Christopher Chapman Medfield$400
- Megan Collins Norwell$400
- Michael Costello Boston$400
- George Cronin Dedham$400
- Dan Cullinane Canton$400
- Eric Dickson Princeton$400
- Nick Doherty Boston$400
- Paul Donovan Dennis$400
- James Eisenberg Lexington$400
- Charles F. Flaherty Swampscott$400
- Tim Foley Watertown$400
- Mark Gallagher Cohasset$400
- Geoffrey Gallo Stratham, NH$400
- Jonathan Gillerman Slingerlands, NY$400
- Patrick Gilligan Boston$400
- Charles Glick Cambridge$400
- Maureen Glynn Quincy$400
- Kevin Grant Scituate$400
- Scott Hartman Southborough$400
- John Heffernan Marblehead$400
- Matthew Herndon Cohasset$400
- Brian Hickey Winchester$400
- Thomas Hickey Boston$400
- Patrick Huntington Milton$400
- Matthew Irish Worcester$400
- Katrina Iserman Boston$400
- Stephen Karol Attleboro$400
- Elizabeth Leahy Reading$400
- Kristin Lewis Andover$400
- William Malloy Boston$400
- Adam Martignetti Boston$400
- Susan Martin Milton$400
- Adam Marx Natick$400
- Michelle McGee Boston$400
- Mark Molloy Winchester$400
- Sean Morrissey Weymouth$400
- Elizabeth Mullen Boston$400
- Karbert Ng Brookline$400
- Neil O'Brien Boston$400
- Eugene O'Flaherty Boston$400
- Steven Panagiotakos Lowell$400
- Krina Patel Boston$400
- Louis Pearlman Needham$400
- Barry Pekarsky Newton$400
- Lora Pellegrini Boston$400
- Joseph Ricca Shrewsbury$400
- Charlene Rideout Boston$400
- Beth Riportella Pepperell$400
- Robert P. Rodophele Boston$400
- Jan Rose Brookline$400
- Jeffrey Sanchez Boston$400
- Junior Senat Falmouth$400
- Andrea Serlin Boston$400
- Charles Stefanini Framingham$400
- Timothy Sullivan Hingham$400
- Richard Tisei North Reading$400
- Joseph Wagner Chicopee$400
- Robert White Boston$400
- Laure Goldberg Weston$400
- Mary Grant Quincy$400
- Kenneth Halloran Boston$400
- William McDermott Plymouth$400
- Edward Walker Easton$400
- Leda Anderson Boxborough$350
- Miranda Jones Wayland$325
- David Matteodo Needham$325
- Daniel Napolitano Salem$325
- David Cannistraro Wellesley$300
- Benjamin Fierro Ipswich$300
- Dennis Kearney Boston$300
- Danielle Ledoux Topsfield$300
- David Morgan Weymouth$300
- Phillip Okala Wayne, PA$300
- Joanne Petrongolo Quincy$300
- Erin Riley Boston$300
- Mary Burk Dedham$300
- Scott Lennon Newton$300
- Joni Arvai West Hartford, CT$275
- Naveen Pawar Waltham$251
- Husam Ansari Dover$250
- David Burt Great Falls, VA$250
- John M. Coughlin Watertown$250
- Michael Creed Medway$250
- William Depiano Reading$250
- Andrew DeVoe Boston$250
- Nathalie Gassenbach Winchester$250
- Daniel Hu Norwell$250
- James Hung Cambridge$250
- Daniel Liebman Cambridge$250
- Jennifer Lindsey Boston$250
- John Mandeville Westport$250
- Andrew O'Brien Boston$250
- Michael Raizman Wellesley$250
- Jean Ramsey Hamilton$250
- Mary Wachter Medford, NJ$250
- Torsten Wiegand Belmont$250
- Matthew Bartley Watertown$250
- Tyler Bartley Belmont$250
- Bill Bogdanovich Orleans$250
- Warren Browne Boston$250
- William Byrne Jr. Newton$250
- Claire Cronin Easton$250
- Sharon Cunningham Cohasset$250
- Dennis J. Duff Watertown$250
- Matt Fishman Lexington$250
- Francis J Grady Natick$250
- Chris Hannon Westport$250
- Carol Harrington Boston$250
- Michael Harris Braintree$250
- Mary Havlicek Hopkinton$250
- Kevin G. Honan Boston$250
- Paul Kemp Shrewsbury$250
- Thomas Lavallee Yarmouth$250
- Michael P. Lawn Waltham$250
- Brian McDonald Watertown$250
- Diane McGlynn Ipswich$250
- Martin Meehan Boston$250
- Stephen Messina Watertown$250
- Patricia O'Connell Waltham$250
- Michael Penta Watertown$250
- Bryan Platt Waltham$250
- Mark Rooney Boston$250
- Marc Rosenthal Lexington$250
- Maura Sullivan Waltham$250
- Stephen P. Affanato Milton$200
- Paul Afonso Boston$200
- Kelly Allyn Auburn$200
- Jason Aluia Boston$200
- John Alvarez Boston$200
- Michael A. Bergan Cohasset$200
- Robert Bernstein Savannah, GA$200
- Christienne Bik Shrewsbury$200
- Katherine Bilotas Braintree$200
- John Brennan, Jr. Cambridge$200
- Stephanie Bruno Rochester, NY$200
- Steven Byrne Boston$200
- Stephanie Caffera Rochester, NY$200
- David Cahill Scituate$200
- Dennis Callahan Boston$200
- Matthew Carrigg Rochester, NY$200
- Daniel Cence Medway$200
- Sarah Connolly Rochester, NY$200
- Michelle Consalvo Boston$200
- Ed Coppinger Boston$200
- Martin Corry Cohasset$200
- Julie Cox Marshfield$200
- Jenn Crawford Boston$200
- Melissa Croad Stow$200
- Amanda Darwin Rochester, NY$200
- Mark Delaney Reading$200
- James DeMay Saint Paul, MN$200
- Vic Digravio Milton$200
- Saad Dinno Weston$200
- Roger Donoghue Concord$200
- Robert Durand Marlborough$200
- John Duval Bridgewater$200
- Ryan Earle Weymouth$200
- Laura Fine Newton$200
- Thomas Finneran Boston$200
- Roberta Fitzpatrick Wakefield$200
- Kevin Flaherty Shrewsbury$200
- Jennifer Flanagan Long Leominster$200
- Raymond Gill Rockville, MD$200
- Jason J. Godin Boston$200
- Roland Goff Canton$200
- Sira Grant Everett$200
- Jeffrey Gruneich Wellesley$200
- Pierce Haley Boston$200
- Josh Harrell Boston$200
- David Hepner Newton$200
- Judith Hershberg Boston$200
- Margaret Horan Pembroke$200
- Ryan Kearney Boston$200
- Ryan Kearney Somerville$200
- Christopher Keefe Rochester, NY$200
- Harry Kelly Rochester, NY$200
- William F Kennedy Boston$200
- Christopher Koczela Boston$200
- Josh Krintzman Newton$200
- Brian Krob Rochester, NY$200
- Donna Kucharski Seekonk$200
- Missy Lansing Boston$200
- Steven Larrabee Canton$200
- Matthew LeBretton Hingham$200
- Ellen Lee Belmont, CA$200
- Olivia Liao Weston$200
- Joe Lindbeck Cranston, RI$200
- Dennis Lyons Falmouth$200
- Diane Malloy Boston$200
- Danna Mauch Lincoln$200
- Michelle R. McGee Boston$200
- John J. McGlynn, Jr. Salem$200
- M. Lisa McHam Boston$200
- Patricia McMullin Boston$200
- Alicia Kerry Mica Washington, DC$200
- Darren Miller Boston$200
- Timothy Milye Bedford$200
- Alice Moore Boston$200
- Evelyn Moreno Brookline$200
- Heather Morgan Gansevoort, NY$200
- Michael Morris Norwell$200
- Robert Morrison Melrose$200
- John Murphy Boston$200
- Michael Muse Brewster$200
- Marty Nastasia Easton$200
- Catherine Ng Rochester, NY$200
- Morgan Nighan Rochester, NY$200
- John Nolan Medford$200
- Jed Nosal Milton$200
- Daniel O'Brien Saugus$200
- Susan O'Connor Northampton$200
- Matthew O'Donnell Darien, CT$200
- Amy O'Keefe Rochester, NY$200
- Paul O'Sullivan Norwell$200
- Tara ODonnell Concord$200
- Laura Padgitt Powell, OH$200
- Jeff Perkins Carlisle$200
- Anthony Petruccello Lynnfield$200
- Paul M Pezzella Boston$200
- Julie Pinkham Quincy$200
- Vincent Ragucci North Reading$200
- William Rennie Cohasset$200
- James Roosevelt Jr. Cambridge$200
- Dan Ryan Milton$200
- William E Ryan Weymouth$200
- Dominique Salogar Chelmsford$200
- Vasundhra Sangar Somerville$200
- Betty Sanisidro Marion$200
- Malisa Schuyler Melrose$200
- David K. Shapiro Boston$200
- Francis Shea Braintree$200
- Faina Shtern Boston$200
- James Smith Swampscott$200
- Kaitlyn Sprague Boston$200
- Michael Sroczynski Boston$200
- Victoria Starks Wellesley$200
- Andrew Stein Medfield$200
- James Sullivan Brentwood, NH$200
- John Sullivan Natick$200
- Jeff Terrey Boston$200
- Leonard Theran Newton$200
- Thomas Tinlin Boston$200
- Alexis Tkachuk Boston$200
- M Reza Vagefi Wellesley$200
- John Valenti Cambridge$200
- Nadira Vallee Franklin$200
- Michael Vazquez Lowell$200
- Paula Ward Bolton$200
- Mark Weld Manchester-by-the-Sea$200
- Emily West Worcester$200
- Elizabeth Whittle Rochester, NY$200
- Marissa Wiley Rochester, NY$200
- Leslie Williams Boston$200
- Michael Wilson Easton$200
- Silvia Yoo Natick$200
- Conor Yunits Brockton$200
- Steve Aldrich Waltham$200
- Steven Baddour Methuen$200
- Cheryl Bartlett Yarmouth$200
- Darren Bennett Boulder, CO$200
- Jennifer Benson Watertown$200
- Arthur Bernard Duxbury$200
- Philip Bond Salem$200
- Chuck Borstel Melrose$200
- Adam Brand Potomac, MD$200
- Patrick Brown Boston$200
- Jessianne Brunelle Grafton$200
- Jon Causey Wiliamsburg, VA$200
- Dan Cence Scituate$200
- John Connell Cohasset$200
- Amy Connolly Waltham$200
- Stephen Corbett Watertown$200
- Marty Corry Cohasset$200
- William F. Coyne, Jr. Boston$200
- Jennifer Crawford Boston$200
- Gregory D'Agostino Natick$200
- William J. Dailey, Jr. Lexington$200
- Brian Dempsey Haverhill$200
- Edward Deveau Boston$200
- Mairead Devlin Newton$200
- Brian Domoretsky Stoneham$200
- Laurie Doran Wellesley$200
- Joe Ann Fergus Boston$200
- John Fernandes Dennis$200
- Catherine Fielding Watertown$200
- Robert Finneran Boston$200
- Saad Finno Weston$200
- Danielle Fleury Melrose$200
- James Gentile Holden$200
- Ellen Ginman Boston$200
- Jason Godin Boston$200
- David Goggin Wellesley$200
- Joseph M. Grant Boston$200
- Tara Gregorio West Newbury$200
- Joe Griffin Waltham$200
- Samuel Hallemeier Boston$200
- Kenneth Hiscoe Collinsville, CT$200
- Margaret Horan Capen Pembroke$200
- Dennis Huang Alamo, CA$200
- John Hurst Beverley$200
- Marc Hymovitz Boston$200
- Brian Jencunas Marshfield$200
- Paul Jones Ashland$200
- Ben Josephson Boston$200
- James Kane Shrewsbury$200
- Rachel Kaprielian Watertown$200
- Julia Kehoe Boston$200
- William Kennedy Boston$200
- Christopher Kent Dover$200
- Matt Keswick Milton$200
- Christopher Koczela Bridgewater$200
- Joseph LaCava Waltham$200
- Steven Larabee Canton$200
- Kevin Lawn Los Angeles, CA$200
- James Leary Worcester$200
- Chris Leibman Wellesley$200
- Joee Lindbeck Cranston, RI$200
- Matthew Lockwood Mullaney Needham$200
- Manuel Lopes Topsfield$200
- Anna Lucey Braintree$200
- Gergory Macomber Watertown$200
- Thomas Mangan Framingham$200
- Patricia McCarthy Boston$200
- Ruth McGee Hanover$200
- John McGlynn Jr. Middleton$200
- Timothy J. McGoldrick Watertown$200
- James McGrail Dedham$200
- Timothy Miley Bedford$200
- Stephen Miller Boston$200
- Toby Morelli Danvers$200
- Mike Morris Norwell$200
- Mary Ann Mulligan Watertown$200
- John Murphy Barnstable$200
- Warren Myers Melrose$200
- Chris Niles Boxborough$200
- Gregg Nolan Hingham$200
- Shelley O Neill Boston$200
- Thomas O Neill Boston$200
- Danielle Oconnor Watertown$200
- Patricia Omeara Watertown$200
- David Pekarsky Watertown$200
- Jeffrey Perkins Carlisle$200
- Anthony Petruccelli Lynnfield$200
- Chris Philbin Newburyport$200
The 500 largest are listed; the full list is at OCPF.
Where they spend it, 2025–26
Out of $337,120 in spending listed line by line. Groups are MassVoter’s rough sorting of what each payment was for. Not included: $20,000 moved between the campaign’s own bank accounts.
Top payees
- Connolly Print Printing, mail, signs and ads$69,323
- Castle Print Partners Printing, mail, signs and ads$12,885
- Staples Printing, mail, signs and ads$11,411
- Lyft Events, food and meetings$11,098
- Lydia Atkinson Staff, consultants and professional services$8,000
- Actblue Bank and payment processing fees$7,817
- Castle Point Partners Staff, consultants and professional services$7,000
- Jon Daigle Staff, consultants and professional services$6,900
- Cep Donations, sponsorships and tickets to others’ events$5,500
- College Hype Printing, mail, signs and ads$5,441
- Apple Stor Office, phone, software and supplies$5,119
- Jack Norton Staff, consultants and professional services$5,000
How to read this
- Every state legislator has a campaign account that reports to OCPF, the state’s Office of Campaign and Political Finance. Most file through a bank that reports to OCPF, so totals are updated often.
- “Cash on hand” is what was left on the latest report. “Raised” and “spent” are OCPF’s totals for 2025 and 2026; “raised” includes any loans from the legislator.
- The breakdowns come from the line-by-line reports for 2025–2026. Shares count money, not in-kind gifts of goods or services. “PACs”, “party committees” and “other candidates’ committees” use the account type OCPF lists for each giving committee. Many unions give through their own PACs, which are counted as PACs.
- “Small gifts not listed one by one” are gifts of $50 or less that the law lets campaigns report as one total.
- Where gifts come from is based on the town each person listed. Some towns are split between districts; gifts from a split town count as “in district towns” even if the donor lives in another district’s part of town.
- Individual donors are shown by name and town only, and only when their gifts to this campaign in 2025–2026 add up to $200 or more. Employers are added up across donors, without names. Names are spelled as the campaign reported them.
- Spending groups are MassVoter’s rough sorting of the payee and purpose each campaign reported; OCPF does not use fixed categories. Credit card bills and reimbursements are counted by the charges listed under them, not twice. Payments to individual people are shown as one total, without names.
- MassVoter updates these numbers every night from OCPF. Last update: October 22, 2026.
These are public campaign finance figures from OCPF. They are not a grade and are not tied to how anyone votes.